Effect of tramadol hydrochloride on neural tube development in 48-hr chick embryos: Argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region and genetic analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Tramadol hydrochloride or tramadol is an opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system. The pregnancy category of tramadol is determined as "C" according to the Food and Drug Administration. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. In this study, we aimed to reveal the effects of tramadol on neural tube (midline) closure by analyzing morphologically, histologically and genetically in chick embryos. METHODS: Ninety White Leghorn species, fertile and 0-day-old specific pathogen-free eggs (60 ± 5 g) were used in the study. Eggs were divided into a total of six groups (control, sham, and drug groups). Four different doses of tramadol (1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/egg) were administered subblastodermically at the 28th hour of the incubation. All eggs were opened at the 48th hour of incubation and evaluated. RESULTS: Embryos in the control group according to Hamburger-Hamilton classification were compatible with stages 13 and 14. In the groups treated with tramadol, it was determined that the embryos had neural tube closure defects (such as neck, tail regions) and some embryos showed developmental retardation due to the increase in the drug dose. In the statistical analysis performed, a significant difference was found between the control group and the group receiving the highest dose of tramadol in terms of crown-rump length and number of somites (p < .05). The brain and reproductive expression gene expression was upregulated in embryos at each of tramadol doses compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that tramadol causes neural tube closure defects in embryos depending on the dose.

Detection of incidental schwannoma by traumatic hemothorax.

A case of hemothorax caused by traumatic rupture of schwannoma is rarely reported. We present a case of thorax injury of an 18-year-old woman who had fallen from a high place with a Glasgow Coma Score 13. Chest X-ray showed a left-sided massive pleural effusion. Chest tomography revealed a 105×80 mm formation in the left lung basal region. The patient underwent an emergency thoracotomy after 2000 cc blood drainage with intercostal tube placement. Tumor's pathologic diagnosis was schwannoma (neurilemmoma). In this case study, we would like to present a traumatic hemothorax for the previously unknown mediastinal mass with the relevant literature.

Investigation of teratogenic effects of letrozole on fetal bone development / Investigación de los efectos teratogénicos de letrozol en el desarrollo óseo fetal

SUMMARY: Letrozole is mainly used for the treatment of unexplained infertility, breast cancer and polycystic ovarian syndrome, with secondary use in ovarian stimulation. In cases of unexpected or unknown pregnancy during the use of letrozole, letrozole may cause a teratogenic effect on the fetus. In this reason, in this study, we aimed to determine the effect of letrozole on fetal bone development. In this study, 32 pregnant Wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into four groups: Control (saline) and high; 0.3 mg/kg, medium; 0.03 mg/kg, low; 0.003 mg/ kg letrozole. Saline and letrozole were administered in 100 mL solutions by intraperitonaly from day 11 to day 15 of pregnancy. The skeletal system development of fetuses was examined with double skeletal staining, immunohistochemical staining methods and mineral density scanning electron microscopy. A total of 100 fetuses from female rats, 25 in each group, were included in the study. As a result of that, ossification rates were observed to decrease depending on the dose of letrozole in the forelimb limb (scapula, humerus, radius, ulna) and hindlimb (femur, tibia, fibula) limb bones. As a result of the statistical analysis, a statistically significant decrease was found in the ossification rates of all bones between the control group and low, medium, high letrozole groups (p<0.001). Exposure to letrozole during pregnancy adversely affected ossification and bone growth. However, the teratogenic effects of letrozole are unclear. Therefore, it needs to be investigated more extensively.

RESUMEN: Letrozol se usa principalmente para el tratamiento de la infertilidad inexplicable, el cáncer de mama y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, con estimulación ovárica de uso secundario. En casos de embarazo inesperado o desconocido durante el uso de letrozol, puede causar un efecto teratogénico en el feto. Por esta razón, en este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue determinar el efecto de letrozol en el desarrollo óseo fetal. Se utilizaron 32 ratas albinas Wistar preñadas las cuales se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos: Control (solución salina) y alta; 0,3 mg/kg, medio; 0,03 mg/kg, bajo; 0,003 mg/kg de letrozol. Se administró solución salina y letrozol en soluciones de 100 mL por vía intraperitoneal desde el día 11 hasta el día 15 de la preñez. El desarrollo del sistema esquelético de los fetos se examinó con tinción esquelética doble, métodos de tinción inmunohistoquímica y microscopía electrónica de barrido de densidad mineral. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 100 fetos de ratas hembra, 25 en cada grupo. Como resultado, se observó que las tasas de osificación disminuían dependiendo de la dosis de letrozol en los huesos de los miembros torácicos (escápula, húmero, radio, ulna) y de las miembros pélvicos (fémur, tibia, fíbula). Se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en las tasas de osificación de todos los huesos entre el grupo control y los grupos de letrozol bajo, medio y alto (p<0,001). La exposición a letrozol durante la preñez afectó negativamente la osificación y el crecimiento óseo. Sin embargo, los efectos teratogénicos del letrozol no están claros por lo que debe ser investigado más extensamente.

A novel model of early type 1 diabetes mellitus: The chick embryo air sack model.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term dysfunction such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. These complications increase rates of death and disability worldwide. Due to the negative effects of DM on the quality of life, the mechanism and treatments of the disease should be investigated in more detail. Most of the research in diabetes is performed in experimental animals. Experimental animal models contributed to the advancement of clinical research, the development of new therapeutic approaches, the discovery of insulin and the purification of insulin. There are many animal models of DM in the literature. But there are a few DM model studies created with chick embryos. In these studies, it was seen that there were differences in STZ doses and STZ administration techniques. The objective of this study was to create a more acceptable and easier DM model. 180 specific pathogen free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs (White Leghorn chicken) were used in this study. STZ was administered to 160 SPF eggs for an induced DM model. The remaining 20 SPF eggs were separated as a control group. We used two different DM models (Air sack model (ASM) and Chorioallantoic membrane model (CAMM)) and blood sampling technique in our study. 160 SPF eggs were divided into two groups with 80 eggs in each group, according to the model in which STZ was administered. When the relationship between blood glucose and blood insulin levels were examined, it was determined that there was a significantly strong negative correlation in the control group and ASM 1 group; and a significantly very strong negative correlation was found in the ASM 2 group and ASM 3 group. Our data indicate that the optimal STZ dose to create a DM model was 0.45 mg/egg and the best DM model was ASM. The second technique to be the best blood sampling technique for determining blood glucose levels. We believe that ASM can be used in DM studies and anti-DM drug studies in terms of its easebly, applicability, reproducibility and low cost.

Effect of buscopan, a compound that alleviates cramps, on the developing nervous system of the chick embryo.

BACKGROUND: Buscopan is used to treat stomach cramps including those resulting from irritable bowel syndrome, bladder cramps, and pain related to menstruation. Its pregnancy category is determined as C. It has been shown in experimental animal studies that the drug has a negative effect on the embryo, but sufficient and well-controlled studies have not been conducted in humans. The aim of this study is to investigate effects of buscopan on the development of the neural tube (NT) in chick embryos. METHODS: Sixty specific pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized eggs were used. SPF eggs were placed in an incubator and divided into six groups at 28 hr of incubation. Five different doses (low to high) of buscopan were injected sub-blastodermally. At the end of 48 hr, the embryos were evaluated morphologically and histopathologically. The argyrophilic nucleolar-organizing region (AgNOR) method was used in this study to determine the proliferation activity of cells in NT development in chick embryos. AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) were detected for each embryo. RESULTS: Depending on the dose, the embryo's crown-rump length and somite number decreased (p < .05). Significant differences were detected among all groups for mean AgNOR number (p < .05) and TAA/NA ratio (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the average count of AgNOR cells and TAA/NA ratio, it was found that there was a decrease in cell division depending on the dose. It was determined that buscopan treatment on chick embryos adversely affected early nervous system and NT development.

Impact of Bisphenol A on neural tube development in 48-hr chicken embryos.

OBJECTIVES: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most heavily produced chemicals in the world. BPA is involved in the production of many substances such as cosmetics, various foodstuffs, toys, personal care products, detergents and plastic bottles all that are frequently used in daily life. Depending on BPA exposure, sexual maturation and reproductive function, and bone and brain development are adversely affected. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effects of BPA on the development of the nervous system and neural tube in 48-hr chicken embryos. METHODS: Thirty specific pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized eggs were used in the study. SPF eggs were placed in the incubator and divided into three groups at 28 hr of incubation; control, BPA 1 and BPA 2 (10 eggs in each group). At this stage of incubation, two different doses of BPA were injected sub-blastodermically with the Hamilton microinjector. At the end of 48 hr of incubation, all eggs were opened and embryos were dissected and separated from the embryonic membrane. All embryos were evaluated morphologically and histopathologically. RESULTS: As the BPA dose increased, delays in the development of the nervous system and midline closure increased in the early period of chicken embryos. Depending on the dose, it was found that the embryo's crown-rump length and somite number decreased (p < .05). CONCLUSION: It was determined that BPA application on early chicken embryos adversely affected neural tube development. It was also found to delay midline closure.

Potential Anti-Tumor Activity of Kefir-Induced Juglone and Resveratrol Fractions Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma-Bearing BALB/C Mice.

We investigated the potential influence of kefir-induced juglone and resveratrol fractions (JRK) against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing BALB/c male mice. Kefir yeast was grown in the cell culture supplemented with juglone and resveratrol (1:2). After 48 h incubation, JRK solution was applied (0.1 mL/day i.p.) to the EAC-bearing mice throughout five days. Molecular regulatory mechanisms of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathway components were evaluated in the plasma of mice and isolated EAC cells with ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunocytchemical experiments. EAC-induced upregulation in Bcl-2 and downregulation in Caspase-3 were normalized with JRK in the plasma of mice. Additionally, JRK upregulated the expression levels of apoptotic Bax, p53, Caspase-3,8,9, and APAF-1 proteins together with BAX, CASPASE-8, and CASPASE-9 genes in isolated EAC cells. These changes were also associated with decreased expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins. Immunocytochemical studies also confirmed the activation of apoptotic pathways and repression of anti-apoptotic proteins in EAC cells with JRK treatment. JRK activates apoptotic pathway and inhibits anti-apoptotic genes and proteins in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma- bearing BALB/c mice that could be beneficial in cancer treatment.